External Fish Anatomy
The following illustration of a largemouth bass shows some of the common external features that are used to describe the differences between fish that are explained in more detail below.
Fish are animals that are cold-blooded and have fins and a backbone. Most fish have scales and breathe with gills. Approximately 22,000 species of fish began evolving 480 million years ago. The largemouth bass illustrated above has the typical torpedo-like (fusiform) shape associated with many fish.
Fins
Fins are appendages used by the fish to maintain position, move, steer and stop. They are either single fins along the centerline of the fish, such as the dorsal (back) fins, caudal (tail) fin and anal fin, or paired fins, which include the pectoral (chest) and pelvic (hip) fins. Fish such as catfish have another fleshy lobe behind the dorsal fin called an adipose (fat) fin that is not illustrated here. The dorsal and anal fins primarily help fish to not roll over onto their sides. The caudal fin is the main fin for propulsion to move the fish forward. The paired fins assist with steering, stopping and hovering.
Scales
Scales in most bony fish – most freshwater fish other than gar that have ganoid scales, and catfish which have no scales – are either ctenoid or cycloid. Ctenoid scales have jagged edges and cycloid ones have smooth rounded edges. Bass and most other fish with spines have ctenoid scales composed of connective tissue covered with calcium. Most fish also have a very important mucus layer covering the body that helps prevent infection. Anglers should be careful not to rub this “slime” off when handling a fish that is to be released.
In many freshwater fish, the fins are supported by spines that are rigid and may be quite sharp, thus playing a defensive role. Catfish have notably hard, sharp fins of which anglers should be wary. The soft dorsal and caudal fins are composed of rays, as are portions of other fins. Rays are less rigid and frequently branched.
Gills
The gills are the breathing apparatus of fish and are highly vascularized, which gives them their bright red color. An operculum (gill cover) is a flexible bony plate that protects the sensitive gills. Water is “inhaled” through the mouth, passes over the gills and is “exhaled” from beneath the operculum.
Eyes
Fish can detect color. Fish eyes are more round than in mammals because of the refractive index of water and focus is achieved by moving the lens in and out, not distorting it as in mammals.
Nares
Paired nostrils, or nares, in fish are used to detect odors in water and can be quite sensitive. Eels and catfish have particularly well developed senses of smell.
Mouth
The mouth’s shape is a good clue to what fish eat. The larger it is, the bigger the prey it can consume. Fish have a sense of taste and may sample items to taste them before swallowing if they are not obvious prey items. Most freshwater Florida fish are omnivorous. Some are primarily piscivorous, which means eating mostly other fish. The imported grass carp is one of the few large fish that are primarily herbivorous. Fish may or may not have teeth, depending on the species. Fish such as the chain pickerel and gar have obvious canine-shaped teeth. Other fish have less obvious teeth, such as the cardiform teeth in catfish, which feel like a roughened area at the front of the mouth; or vomerine teeth that are tiny patches of teeth in the roof of a striped bass’ mouth. Grass carp and other minnows have pharyngeal teeth located in the throat that are modified from their gill arches for grinding.
Lateral Line
The lateral line is a sensory organ consisting of fluid filled sacs with hair-like sensory apparatus that are open to the water through a series of pores, creating a line along the side of the fish. The lateral line primarily senses water currents and pressure and movement in the water.
Vent
The vent is the external opening to digestive urinary and reproductive tracts. In most fish it is immediately in front of the anal fin.
The following illustration of a largemouth bass shows some of the common internal features that are used to describe the differences between fish that are described in more detail below.
